Data analysis engine

ABSTRACT

A system and method of analyzing data receives a user-specified selection of a data source, a user-specified selection of a type of data representation, and a user-specified description of a view to be constructed in accordance with the user-specified selection of the type of data representation. An application program interface (API) function generates a multidimensional query based on the user-specified type of data representation and the user-specified description of the view to be constructed, and submits the multidimensional query to the an On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP) server. The application program interface (API) function receives a multidimensional response from the OLAP server containing results acquired by the multidimensional query of the data source, and generates the view based on the results contained in the multidimensional response and in accordance with the user-specified selection of the type of data representation and the user-specified description of the view.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/612,486, filed Jun. 2, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,002,176, which is aContinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/337,650, filed Jul. 22,2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,690,840, which claims the benefit of andpriority to U.S. provisional application No. 61/857,297, filed Jul. 23,2013, titled “Analysis Engine,” each of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to multidimensional databases, and, inparticular, to an application program interface for use by applicationprograms to generate multidimensional queries of the databases and toproduce reports from the returned search results.

BACKGROUND

Businesses and companies today store copious quantities of data inonline transaction processing (OLTP) systems and other databases.On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) systems enable multidimensionalanalysis of the data in such databases. OLAP systems employ a conceptualmodel referred to as a cube. An OLAP cube is a multidimensionalrepresentation of data, in effect, a multidimensional OLAP database,which enables rapid analysis of data.

OLAP cubes are typically subject matter oriented. The data in a cube areorganized as a set of dimensions. Dimensions correspond to categories ofdata analysis (e.g., date, equipment, device, location, etc.). Eachdimension of a cube includes a number of members. The members may beorganized into a hierarchy (e.g., country, state, city, street address).The multiple levels of a dimension enable multiple levels of aggregationby which to analyze the data. An OLAP cube also includes measures,which, generally, are metrics aggregated along dimensional hierarchiesof the cube. For example, a cube may include a Total Sales measure forvarious products over various periods. In a cube, the measures arepre-aggregated.

An OLAP system may store any number of cubes of different subject matterhaving different numbers of dimensions with different hierarchicallevels. Such OLAP cubes are built using dimensional modeling techniques.An OLAP system can derive a multidimensional cube by processing datafrom a relational database.

In an OLAP system, data can be aggregated across various dimensions atvarious levels to provide different views of the data at differentlevels of aggregation. Such aggregated data are commonly referred to asan aggregation. As an example, data may be aggregated by time,geography, equipment, and product. For instance, an aggregation may bethe sales data for the month of December for a specified product. Aslice typically comprises a level from each of the dimensions, andaggregations are typically associated with a slice.

End users can run application programs that connect to a cube foranalyzing the data and reporting. An application may query an individualcell of the cube by identifying a member in each dimension and ameasure. OLAP queries can retrieve data and request aggregations atvarious levels. If an aggregation is not presently available (e.g., theaggregation has not been pre-computed, or is out-of-date with respect tothe underlying data), an OLAP server of the OLAP system may dynamicallycompute the aggregation in real-time. For example, the OLAP server maygenerate a relational database query to determine the cell value from anunderlying relational database. An application need only understand thedimensions of the OLAP cubes and their hierarchies, and not theunderlying physical implementation of the database schema used to storethe data. An example of a query language for OLAP systems isMultidimensional Expressions (MDX) from Microsoft® Corp. of Redmond,Wash.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the invention features a method of analyzing datacomprising receiving a user-specified selection of a data source, auser-specified selection of a type of data representation, and auser-specified description of a view to be constructed in accordancewith the user-specified selection of the type of data representation. Anapplication program interface (API) function generates amultidimensional query based on the user-specified type of datarepresentation and the user-specified description of the view to beconstructed and submits the multidimensional query to an On-lineAnalytical Processing (OLAP) server for searching the data source. Theapplication program interface (API) function receives a multidimensionalresponse from the OLAP server containing results acquired by themultidimensional query of the data source. The view is generated basedon the results contained in the multidimensional response and inaccordance with the user-specified selection of the type of datarepresentation and the user-specified description of the view.

In another aspect, the invention features a computer program product foranalyzing data. The computer program product comprises a non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium having computer readable program codeembodied therewith. The computer readable program code comprises:computer readable program code that, if executed, receives auser-specified selection of a data source; computer readable programcode that, if executed, receives a user-specified selection of a type ofdata representation; computer readable program code that, if executed,receives a user-specified description of a view to be constructed inaccordance with the user-specified selection of the type of datarepresentation; computer readable program code that, if executed,generates a multidimensional query based on the user-specified type ofdata representation and the user-specified description of the view to beconstructed; computer readable program code that, if executed, submitsthe multidimensional query to an On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP)server for searching the data source; computer readable program codethat, if executed, receives a multidimensional reply from the OLAPserver containing results acquired by the multidimensional query of thedata source; and computer readable program code that, if executed,generates the view based on the results contained in themultidimensional response and in accordance with the user-specifiedselection of the type of data representation and the user-specifieddescription of the view.

In still another aspect, the invention features a computer system foranalyzing data. The computer system comprises memory storing programcode used for analyzing data and generating reports and a processorexecuting the program code to receive a user-specified selection of adata source, a user-specified selection of a type of datarepresentation, and a user-specified description of a view to beconstructed in accordance with the user-specified selection of the typeof data representation. The processor further executes the program codeto generate a multidimensional query based on the user-specified type ofdata representation and the user-specified description of the view to beconstructed, to submit the multidimensional query to an On-lineAnalytical Processing (OLAP) server, to receive a multidimensional replyfrom the OLAP server containing results acquired by the multidimensionalquery of the data source, and to generate the view based on the resultscontained in the multidimensional response and in accordance with theuser-specified selection of the type of data representation and theuser-specified description of the view.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and further features and advantages may be better understoodby referring to the following description in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, in which like numerals indicate like structuralelements and features in various figures. The drawings are notnecessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustratingthe principles of features and implementations.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a computing systemconfigured to analyze data and generate reports.

FIG. 2 is an example of a screen display illustrating a first screenpresented to a user corresponding to a first step for running a report.

FIG. 3 is an example of a screen display illustrating a view presentedto a user corresponding to a second step for running a report.

FIG. 4 is another example of a screen display illustrating a viewpresented to a user corresponding to a second step for running a report.

FIG. 5 is an example of a screen display illustrating a view presentedto a user corresponding to a third step for running a report.

FIG. 6 is an example of a screen display illustrating a view presentedto a user corresponding to a fourth step for running a report, whereinhistogram results with a reference level are displayed to the user.

FIG. 7 is another example of a screen display illustrating a viewpresented to a user corresponding to a fourth step for running a report,wherein histogram results with a reference level are displayed to theuser.

FIG. 8 is another example of a screen display illustrating a viewpresented to a user corresponding to a fourth step for running a report,wherein pie chart results are displayed to the user.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a process for analyzingdata and generating a report.

FIG. 10 is a diagram representation of an application program interface(API) of the reporting system used to convert from user-selected reportparameter to multidimensional search queries.

FIG. 11A is a diagram representing a mapping of an API function,referred to as Query_For_Single_Answer, to a multidimensional searchquery used to query an On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP) database.

FIG. 11B is a diagram representing a mapping of multidimensionalresponse, produced in response to the Query_For_Singl_Answer searchquery, to an API output.

FIG. 12A is a diagram representing a mapping of an API function,referred to as Query_For_2D_Table, to a multidimensional search query.

FIG. 12B is a diagram representing a mapping of multidimensionalresponse, produced in response to the Query_For_2D_Table search query,to API outputs.

FIG. 13A is a diagram representing a mapping of an API function referredto as Query_For_Pie_Chart to a multidimensional search query.

FIG. 13B is a diagram representing a mapping of multidimensionalresponse, produced in response to the Query_For_Pie_Chart search query,to an API output.

FIG. 14A is a diagram representing a mapping of an API function referredto as Query_For_Histogram, to a multidimensional search query.

FIG. 14B is a diagram representing a mapping of multidimensionalresponse, produced in response to the Query_For_Histogram search query,to API outputs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of reporting systems, described herein, facilitate reportgeneration using a wizard-based approach that guides the user,step-by-step, through the report generation process. Such reportingsystems are based on On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP) anddimensional modeling. A reporting application program asks the user tospecify a data source, the type of data representation (e.g., histogram,line chart, etc.), and a description (e.g., content for the rows,column, x-axis, y-axis, etc.) of the view to be constructed inaccordance with the user-specified selection of the type of datarepresentation. An application program interface has functions fortransforming the user-specified information into multidimensionalqueries of the OLAP system and for transforming the multidimensionalresponses to such queries received from the OLAP system into thespecified view. Some views can include reference levels that providecontext of the reported data to the user. Although the variousprinciples described herein are in context of a Radiation ExposureMonitoring (REM) application, it is to be understood that suchprinciples extend to other types of applications, such as biometricenrollment and/or biometric identification systems (e.g., fingerprintingsystems).

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a computing system 10 configured toprovide a reporting system that analyzes data and generates reports, asdescribed herein. The computing system 10 includes a network interface14, a processor 16, and memory 18. Example implementations of thecomputing system 10 include, but are not limited to, personal computers(PC), Macintosh computers, server computers, blade servers,workstations, laptop computers, kiosks, hand-held devices, such as apersonal digital assistant (PDA), mobile phones, smartphones, tablets,and network terminals.

The computing system 10 is in communication with one or more datasources (or data stores) 12 containing data organized in amultidimensional structure (e.g., cubes) that expresses therelationships between the data. The data sources 12 can also include theunderlying data for the cubes. Such underlying data may be stored in arelational database. The cubes may be stored in a dimensional data storeor in a relational database.

The network interface 14 is in communication with the one or more datasources 12 for sending multidimensional queries to and receivingmultidimensional responses from the one or more data sources 12. Thecommunication can be across a network (not shown), embodiments of whichinclude, but are not limited to, local-area networks (LAN), metro-areanetworks (MAN), and wide-area networks (WAN), such as the Internet orWorld Wide Web. The computing system 10 can connect to one of the datasources 12 through one or more of a variety of connections, such asstandard telephone lines, digital subscriber line (DSL), asynchronousDSL, LAN or WAN links (e.g., T1, T3), broadband connections (FrameRelay, ATM), and wireless connections (e.g., 802.11(a), 802.11(b),802.11(g)). Although shown to be external to the computing system 10,the data sources 12 can be stored locally at the computing system 10,for example, stored in fixed or removable storage memory, such as harddisk drives, floppy drives, tape drives, removable memory cards, USBs,or optical storage.

The processor 16 is representative of a single central processing unit(CPU), multiple CPUs, or a single CPU having multiple processing cores.The processor 16 executes a data analysis program 20, also called ananalysis engine (or data analysis application), stored in the memory 18.The memory 18 can be random access memory. Although shown as a singleunit, the memory 18 may include a plurality of units or modules, ofvarious speeds and different levels (e.g., cache).

The data analysis program 20 includes program code for providing a userinterface 22. In brief, the user interface 22 guides a user, instep-by-step (i.e., “wizard”) fashion, in the development and executionof a search of the one or more data sources 12. With each step, the userinterface 22 provides hints and limits the user input. Through the userinterface 22, a user specifies the data source to be queried and thetype of data representation (e.g., histogram, line chart, etc.) to usewhen presenting the query results. The user also provides structuralinformation (e.g., content for the rows, column, x-axis, y-axis, etc.)of the view being constructed in accordance with the specified type ofdata representation. Optionally, the user can also provide one or morecontent filters to be applied during the query.

The data analysis program 20 communicates with a query applicationprogram interface (API) 24 using, for example, XML/SOAP orJSON/JSON-RPC. The query API 24 has a plurality of different APIfunctions (FIG. 10) configured to receive the user-specifiedinformation, namely, the data source, type of data representation,structural information, and any optional content filters, and to producetherefrom a multidimensional query. The query API 24 may considered partof the data analysis program 20, although other application programs canadopt the query API 24 for their own reporting and data analysispurposes.

An OLAP engine (or OLAP server) 26 provides a mapping between adimensional model 28 and the underlying relational database, generatingcubes from the underlying data (in a relational database) in accordancewith the dimensional model 28 (each cube has a schema), and storing thecubes in the data source 12. The dimensional model 28 may organize theunderlying data in a star-like schema, with numerical values stored in afact (or base) table, with each numerical value referencing a dimensionin a dimension table, and with each dimension table containing exactlyone copy of each possible value. The fact table and dimension tables canbe stored, for example, as multidimensional arrays or as relationaltables. Cube definitions or schemas can be embodied by XML files. TheOLAP server performs queries on these cubes.

One embodiment of the reporting system employs a Mondrian OLAP server,written in Java, to provide the OLAP engine 26 for retrieving datastored in relational databases. An embodiment of query language used forthe Mondrian OLAP server is known as Multi-Dimensional Expression QueryLanguage (“MDX”). The query API 24 can shield a user or an applicationprogram developer from having to know and understand the underlying MDXquery language.

Each cube definition defines the name and contents of the cube, whichcolumns are measures, which IDs reference which tables, the structure ofeach dimension and hierarchy, and default aggregations to be performedon each measure. These definitions enable the particular aggregationsused by an application. In one embodiment, one or more of the definedcubes has at least one measure represented multiple times. Eachrepresentation of a particular measure corresponds to a differentpossible aggregation of that measure. Types of aggregations includestandard deviation, variance, minimum value, maximum value, histogram,pie chart, sum, average, and count. Accordingly, if count, sum, average,and standard deviation values are available for calculation for aparticular measure of a cube, that measure appears four times in thedefinition of the cube. In addition, OLAP server 26 may pre-calculateone or more aggregations defined for a cube by querying the underlyingrelational database, and store such pre-calculated aggregations in thecube, although various aggregations described herein, namely, histogram,pie chart, line chart, sum, average, min, max, count, and distinctcount, are calculated in response to a submitted query.

Also stored in memory 18, a configuration file 30 defines a location ofeach cube schema and cube internationalization files. The configurationfile 30 also defines a basic unit to be used for generating histogramsand which measure of the cube supplies this basic unit.

The computer system 10 also includes an input and output (I/O) devices,represented generally as I/O 32. The I/O 32 can include any one or moredevices for providing input to the computer system 10, for example, atouch-screen, a keyboard, a keypad, a track-ball, mouse. The I/O 32 caninclude any one or more devices for providing output to a user of thecomputer system 10, for example, a display screen with or without anintegrated touch screen. Although shown together, input and outputdevices need not be combined in a single device.

FIG. 2 shows an example of a screen display illustrating a first screen40 presented to a user as the user interface 22 guides the user,step-by-step, in the development and execution of a search andconsequent report. The first screen 40 asks the user to provide a title42 for the report, a data source 44 for the report (options appear in adrop-down menu), an optional scope 46 of the report (e.g., private,public), and the type of view 48 used to display the retrieved results.In this example, the types of views 48 available are line charts, barcharts, pie charts, donut charts, and histograms. The user can alsochoose to see the data tables used to produce the particular view. Uponcompletion of this screen, the user moves to the next screen.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a screen display illustrating a view 50presented to a user corresponding to a second step of the guided processfor producing a report. This screen 50 requires the user to specify thecontent of the report, specifically, the measures and their aggregations52 to be displayed in the report. Examples of measures include the sizeand weight of a patient, the radiation exposure time, the number ofcomputerized topography (CT) scans, and the number of CT events.Examples of aggregations include sums, average, maximum, minimum, andstandard deviation. Each selected measure corresponds to a numeric factor statistic of interest for presenting in the report.

This screen 50 further requires the user to specify the dimensions 54 tobe used to group the data in the report. Dimensions operate to breakdown metrics by common criteria. Values returned for the report areseparated by dimension values. Examples of dimensions include devicemanufacturer, device model, and device (in this embodiment, used toperform a CT scan). Upon completion of this screen, the user moves tothe next screen.

FIG. 4 shows an alternative example of a screen display illustrating theview 50 presented to a user corresponding to the second step forproducing a report. In this example, the user specifies the measures 52to be used in the generation of a pie chart. This alternative exampleillustrates that techniques can vary by which the user is asked tospecify the content of the report.

FIG. 5 is an example of a screen display illustrating a view 60presented to a user corresponding to a third step for running a report.This screen 60 asks the user to specify one or more filters to beapplied to the data used to generate the report. The filters can includespecifying a date range 62 for the data and member filters 64. A memberfilter is a particular instance of a dimension upon which the report isto focus (by excluding data not satisfying the filter condition). Theuse of filters is optional, and the user can skip the third step.

FIG. 6 shows an example of a screen display illustrating a view 70presented to a user corresponding to a fourth step for producing areport. This screen 70 provides a report summary 72, identifying thetitle, data source, measures and aggregations, groupings, and filters,if any, used to produce the report. The graphical results 74 of thereport are presented below the summary 72. In this example, thegraphical results 74 include a bar chart, with an optional horizontalreference level 76 displayed to the user. The reference level 76 givesthe user context for the measure values presented in the view, and canbe used, for example, to trigger an alert for out of range measurevalues. In FIG. 6, the reference level has a global scope, namely, it isapplicable to all bars of data displayed.

FIG. 7 shows another example of a screen display illustrating a view 70presented to a user corresponding to the fourth step for generating areport. The report summary 72 identifies the data source (e.g., CT Dosecube), the measure (e.g., meanCTDIvol(mGy)), and filter (e.g., protocol:head with context) used to produce a histogram 74. An optional verticalreference level 76 is displayed on the histogram.

FIG. 8 shows yet another example of a screen display illustrating a view70 presented to a user corresponding to the fourth step for generating areport. The report summary 72 identifies the measure (e.g.,CTDIvol(mGy)) and groupings (here, e.g., three levels of selecteddimensions), without any filter, used to produce a pie chart 74.

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of a process 100 for analyzing data andgenerating a report. In the description of the process 100, referencemay be made to the elements shown in FIG. 1. At step 102, a user startsexecution of the data analysis program 20, which produces a userinterface 22. The user interface 22 guides the user through a series ofsteps. In a first step, the user interface 22 requires the user toselect a data source and a type of data representation. During a secondstep, the user interface 22 requires the user select one or moremeasures and one or more group dimensions. Each selected group dimensionuses certain criteria to group the metrics or values obtained from thedata source in connection with the selected measures. Measure metrics orvalues are segmented in the resulting view by these dimension criteria.

The user-specified data source, type of data representation, measureselection, and group dimension selection are acquired at step 104. Togenerate a multidimensional query based on the user-specifiedinformation, the user interface 22 calls one or more API functions ofthe query API 24. The particular API function(s) called depend upon theparticular type of data representation (e.g., histogram, line chart)specified by the user. In the generation of the query, the called APIfunction transforms the non-dimensional modeling terminology supplied bythe user selections through the user interface 22 into dimensionalmodeling terminology (e.g., an MDX query) understood by the OLAP engine26.

The OLAP engine 26 submits (step 108) the query to and receives (step110) a multidimensional response from the specified data source 12. Theresponse contains the results of the query. The previously called APIfunction (used to generate the query) receives and simplifies themultidimensional response with the results, sending the simplifiedresponse to the user interface 22. To simplify the multidimensionalresponse, the API function maps the dimensional modeling terminology ofthe multidimensional response into non-multidimensional terminologyunderstood by the user interface 22. Then, based on the simplifiedresponse, the user interface 22 generates the view in the form of thetype of data representation and description specified by the user.

In one embodiment, the given API function producing the view 74 (e.g.,FIG. 6) determines, from metadata included in the multidimensionalresponse, that a reference level 76 applies for a given set of members(i.e., particular element in a dimension) and includes this referencelevel in the simplified response. Such reference levels are not part ofthe multidimensional space; that is, the reference levels are storedoutside of the dimensional model 28 and only reference themultidimensional space.

In brief, each reference level is defined by a reference level set. Areference level set can define multiple references levels. The sets ofreference levels can be made available to the reporting system by beingstored in a relational database. In general, a reference level setidentifies the cube with which a particular reference level isassociated, a set of members that need to be matched for the particularreference level to be applied (a reference level can be attached to anycombination of members within a given cube), and the reference levelvalue to apply. This reference level value is returned in the queryresponse if the specified set of members matches the set of members inthe query.

For example, consider a reference level set comprised of a cubeidentified as “CT Dose”, a set of members to match to be “Target Region:Head” and “Device/Model: Bright Speed,” and a reference level value ofCTDIvol Mean=100. This reference level value of 100 is returned with thequery response if any row is filtered or grouped on both “Head” and“Bright Speed”.

In one embodiment, to accommodate reference levels, extra data columnsare added to the multidimensional query related to theun-internationalized member names for all member ancestors of groupingdimensions and all member ancestors for filter dimensions. The query isthen performed normally. The result is extracted from these extra datacolumns. The values of the extra data columns are compared to eachreference level. If a reference level matches (i.e., satisfies the setof members criterion), the reference level is added to the queryresponse for the cell that it matches. If the same reference levelmatches for an entire column, the reference level is presented in aglobal scope (i.e., one reference level for all data reported);otherwise, the reference level is presented for the particular cell.

The user interface 22 presents this reference level 76 in the presentedview (e.g., as a horizontal line for a bar chart or a vertical line fora histogram). The reference level feature is an optional embodiment; thequery API 24 can operate without this feature.

FIG. 10 shows an embodiment of the query API 24 of the reporting system.In general, the data analysis program 20 uses the query API 24 toconvert from user-selected report parameters to multidimensional searchqueries (e.g., in the MDX query language). The query API 24 includes thefollowing functions: a Find_All_OLAP_Cubes function 120; aFind_All_Cube_Dimensions function 122; a Query_For_Single_Answerfunction 124; a Query_For_2D_Table function 126; a Query_For_Pie_Chartfunction 128, and a Query_For_Histogram function 130.

The Find_All_OLAP_Cubes API function 120 returns a list of all knownschemas and cubes. In response to presenting the first step to the user,the user interface 22 uses this information to find the data sources 12available for the report generation. The Find_All_Cube_Dimensions APIfunction 122 provides the user interface 22 with information about thestructure of a given cube. The user interface 22 calls this particularfunction when presenting the second step to the user. With a schema nameand cube name as input parameters, this query API function returns ahuman-readable cube caption (name), a list of all measures defined forthe cube and their supported aggregations, and a list of all dimensionsdefined for the cube. Each dimension in the list includes a list of alldefined hierarchies, specifically the hierarchy of level names (from thecube definition) and the hierarch of all members (acquired from arelational database through the OLAP server 26).

The Query_For_Single_Answer API function 124 provides a mechanism forcalculating a single value. Although generally not used by the userinterface 22, this API function 124 provides backend operations insupport of other API function called by the user interface 22, assubsequently described in more detail. This API function 124 takes, asinput parameters, a schema name, cube name, an aggregation (measure andaggregation type), and, optionally, a member filter. The output of thisAPI function 124 is a calculated aggregation across all members thatmatch the filter conditions.

The Query_For_2D_Table API function 126 provides a mechanism forcalculating a table of related results, for example, a bar chart, a linechart. Input parameters to this API function 126 includes a schema name,a cube name, a list of columns comprised of aggregation (containingmeasure and aggregation type) and text selection (dimension and level orproperty), row selection (members or member ranges), optional memberfilters, and optional row aggregation filters. The output produced bythis API function 126 is a two-dimensional result having columnsrepresenting each text selection and aggregation, rows representing eachmember from the row selection matching the member filters, and acalculated value in each cell. Optionally, the output produced by theAPI function 126 may also include one or more reference levels.

The Query_For_Pie_Chart API function 128 provides a mechanism tocalculate proportions of a total (used to generate a pie chart). Theparameters supplied as input to this API function 128 includes a schemaname, a cube name, one measure name only, slice selections (members ormember ranges), and optional member filters. The output is atwo-dimensional result having columns representing each slice name andmeasure, an additional column for the proportion of the totalrepresented by the slice, rows representing each member from the sliceselection matching the member filters, and a calculated value in eachcell.

The Query_For_Histogram API function 130 provides a mechanism tocalculate the distribution of events in a cube (used to generate ahistogram). The parameters supplied as input to this API function 130includes a schema name, a cube name, a measure name, optional number ofsteps, step size and minimum value, and optional member filters. Theoutput is a complex result comprised of statistical information aboutthe resulting data set (i.e., standard deviation, minimum value, maximumvalue, quartiles, mean and median), the selected bin size, and a listcontaining a value (or count) for each bin. Optionally, the outputproduced by the API function 130 may also include one or more referencelevels.

For each API functions performing a calculation (i.e., API functions124, 126, 128, and 130), there is a direct mapping between the inputparameters 140 and a generated multidimensional search query 142. Ineach of the following query examples, the multidimensional search queryis an MDX query 142.

FIG. 11A shows an example of the mapping of API input parameters 140 ofthe Query_For_Single_Answer API function 124 to a multidimensionalsearch query 142. The API input parameters 140 include a measure 144,optional member filters 146, cube/data source 148, and a catalog 150.The search query produced by the API function 124 includes a memberdeclaration 152, an axis (0) 154, an optional filter 158, and a cubeselection 160. The axis (0) parameter 154 takes its value from theinputted measure 144, the optional filter 158 from any inputted filters146, and the cube selection 160 from the inputted cube/data source 148.

Operations performed by the API function 124 to produce the query fromthese inputs 140 include mapping (step 162) the inputted measure 144 toa measure of the cube, simplifying (step 164) the inputted filters 146,if any, using the input catalog parameter 150 to look up a schema fromthe configuration file 30, and providing this schema to the OLAP engine26 together with the resulting multidimensional search query 142.

Responses to each of the calculation API functions (i.e., API functions124, 126, 128, and 130) are multidimensional (2-D, 3-D, or greater).Each query response 170 is mapped to a simplified API response 172. Ineach of the following response examples, the multidimensional responseis an MDX response 170, which is mapped to one or more API outputs 172returned to the data analysis program 20.

FIG. 11B shows a mapping of multidimensional response 170, produced inresponse to the search query based on the Query_For_Singl_Answerfunction 124, to an API output 172. The multidimensional response 170includes an N-dimensional array 174 of axes and cells, indexed bycoordinates, each with unpredictable value type, which may be an errortype. From this N-dimensional array 174, the Query_For_Single_Answerfunction 124 produces an answer 176. To produce this answer 176, thisAPI function 124 gets (step 178) the value from a designated cell of thearray. The generation of the multidimensional response 170 is craftedsuch that the position of the data in the array 174 is known beforehand.The API function 124 then maps (step 180) the cell value to itsappropriate numeric type (e.g., integer, precision).

FIG. 12A shows a mapping performed by the Query_For_2D_Table APIfunction 126 of inputted parameters 140 to a multidimensional searchquery 142. These API input parameters 140 include a text column 190,aggregation columns 192, row selection 194, optional member filters 196,aggregation filters 198, a cube/data source 148, and a catalog 150. Thesearch query produced by the API function 126 includes a memberdeclaration 152, an axis (0) 154, an axis (1) 156, an optional filter158, and a cube selection 160.

To produce the query from these inputs 140, the API function 126generates (step 200) the member declaration 152 from the inputted textcolumn 190. The API function 126 looks up (step 202) the proper measurefor the aggregation based on the inputted aggregation columns 192 andcross-joins (step 204) all involved measures and dimensions based oninputted text column 190 and row selection 194. From the inputted textcolumn 190 and the results of the cross-join (step 204), the APIfunction 126 generates (step 206) a member selection. The generation ofthe measure selection (step 208) derives from the look-up (step 202) ofthe proper measure for the aggregation. The member selection (step 206)and measure selection (step 208) are combined (step 212) to produce anarray. The axis (0) 154 of the query 142 acquires its information fromthis array.

The API function 126 also simplifies (step 210) the row selection 194,based on any provided member filters 196 and the cross-join results(step 204). The filter term 158 of the query 142 takes its value fromthe simplified row selection (step 210). In addition, the API function126 adds (step 214) aggregation filters for each measure, based oninputted aggregation filters 198, the measure selection (step 208), andthe simplified row selection (step 210). The axis (1) 156 of the searchquery 142 acquires its information from the selection of measures (withadded aggregations).

Additional operations performed by the API function 126 include mappingthe inputted cube/data source 148 to the cube selection 160 portion ofthe query 142, looking up a schema from the configuration file 30 usingthe input catalog parameter 150, and providing this schema to the OLAPengine 26, together with the resulting multidimensional search query142.

FIG. 12B shows a mapping of multidimensional response 170, produced inresponse to the search query based on the Query_For_2D_Table APIfunction 126, to API outputs 172. The multidimensional response 170includes an N-dimensional array 174 of axes and cells, indexed bycoordinates, each with unpredictable value type, which may be an errortype. From this N-dimensional array 174, the Query_For_2D_Table function126 produces column titles 220 and a two-dimensional array 222.

To produce the column titles 220, this API function 126 gets (step 224)cells from axis (0) in the N-dimensional array. For each position inaxis (0), for each member in a position, the API function 126 acquires(step 226) the member name. The acquired member names correspond to thecolumn titles 220.

To produce the two-dimensional array 222, the Query_For_2D_Table APIfunction 126 gets (step 228) the cells from the axis (0) and axis (1)portions of the N-dimensional array 174. For each position in axis (1)and for each position in axis (0), the Query_For_2D_Table API function126 acquires (step 230) the data in the cell. The API function 126 thenmaps (step 232) the cell data to its appropriate numeric type (e.g.,integer, precision) and organizes (step 234) the cell data into a 2-Darray to produce the two-dimensional array 222 with tabular-formatteddata.

FIG. 13A shows a mapping of inputted parameters 140 to amultidimensional search query 142 performed by the Query_For_Pie_ChartAPI function 128. These API input parameters 140 include measures 240,slice selections 242, optional member filters 244, a cube/data source148, and a catalog 150. The search query 142 produced by the APIfunction 128 includes a member declaration 152, an axis (0) 154, an axis(1) 156, an optional filter 158, and a cube selection 160. The APIfunction 128 maps the inputted cube/data source 148 to the cubeselection 160 portion of the query 142 and uses the inputted catalogparameter 150 to look up a schema from the configuration file 30. Thisschema is provided to the OLAP engine 26 with the multidimensionalsearch query 142.

To produce the particular terms of the search query 142, the APIfunction 128 looks up (step 246) the proper measure for aggregationbased on the inputted measures 240 and cross-joins (step 248) allinvolved measures and dimensions based on inputted slice selections 242and member filters 244. From the look-up (step 246) of the propermeasure for the aggregation, the API function 128 generates (step 250) atotal calculation. A proportion calculation is generated (step 252) fromthis total calculation (step 250) and from the look-up (step 246) of theproper measure for the aggregation.

The API function 128 also generates (step 254) caption memberdeclaration for a selected level based on the cross-join results (step248). The member declaration 152 of the search query 142 derives itsinformation from the proportion calculation (step 252) and the generatedcaption member declaration (step 254).

The API function 128 also simplifies (step 256) the row selection, ifpossible, based on any provided member filters 244 and the cross-joinresults (step 248). The filter term 158 of the query 142 acquires itsinformation from the simplified row selection (step 256). From theproportion calculation (step 252) and the caption member declaration(step 254), the API function 128 generates (step 258) a memberselection. The generation of the measure selection (step 260) derivesfrom the look-up (step 246) of the proper measure for the aggregation.The member selection (step 258) and measure selection (step 260) arecombined (step 262) to produce an array. The axis (0) 154 of the query142 acquires its information from this array. In addition, the axis (1)156 of the search query 142 acquires its information from the cross-joinresults (step 248).

FIG. 13B shows a mapping of a multidimensional response 170 to an APIoutput 172, produced in response to the search query based on theQuery_For_Pie_Chart function 128. The multidimensional response 170includes an N-dimensional array 174 of axes and cells, indexed bycoordinates, each with unpredictable value type, which may be an errortype. From this N-dimensional array 174, the Query_For_Pie_Chartfunction 128 produces a set of slice data 270. Each set of slice data170 includes a slice name, value, and proportion of total. The sum ofall proportions (of all slices) is equal to 1.

To produce a set of slice data 270, the Query_For_Pie_Chart API function128 gets (step 272) the cells from the axis (0) and axis (1) portions ofthe N-dimensional array 174. For each position in axis (1), theQuery_For_Pie_Chart API function 128 gets (step 274) values from axis(0) cells. The API function 128 then maps (step 276) each acquired cellvalue to its appropriate numeric type (e.g., string, integer,precision), generates (step 278) slice data type containing a slicename, value (double or integer), and proportion (double), and organizes(step 280) the values into a list. The Query_For_Pie_Chart API function128 returns these API outputs 172 to the calling application program(e.g., data analysis program 20), which generates a view (fourth step ofthe wizard process) showing a pie chart drawn in accordance with theinformation provided by the API outputs 172.

FIG. 14A shows an example of the mapping of API input parameters 140 toa multidimensional search query 142 performed by the Query_For_HistogramAPI function 130. The API input parameters 140 include a measure 290, anoptional range parameter 292, optional member filters 294, a cube/datasource 148, and a catalog 150. The search query produced by the APIfunction 130 includes a member declaration 152, an axis (0) 154, anoptional filter 158, and a cube selection 160. The API function 130 mapsthe inputted cube/data source 148 to the cube selection 160 portion ofthe query 142 and uses the inputted catalog parameter 150 to look up aschema from the configuration file 30. This schema is provided to theOLAP engine 26 with the multidimensional search query 142.

The API function 130 maps (step 296) the inputted measure 290 to ameasure of a cube. In addition, the API function 130 calls (step 298)the Query_For_Single_Answer API function 124 three times: once toacquire a value for the standard deviation, once to acquire a minimumvalue, and once to acquire a maximum value. The statistical values forall range calculations are determined (step 300) from the mapped measureof the cube, the inputted range parameters 292, and the values (step298) calculated for the standard deviation, minimum, and maximum.Histogram bin selectors are generated (step 302) from the determinedstatistical calculations (step 300). The member declaration 152 of thesearch query acquires its information from these histogram bin selectors(step 302). In addition, each bin member is selected (step 304) from thehistogram bin selectors (step 302). The axis (0) 154 of the search queryacquires its information from the selected bin members (step 304). TheAPI function 130 also simplifies (step 306) the member filters 294, ifpossible. The filter term 158 of the query 142 acquires its informationfrom the simplified filters (step 306).

FIG. 14B shows a mapping of a multidimensional response 170 to APIoutputs 172, produced in response to the search query based on theQuery_For_Histogram API function 130. The API outputs 172 include a dataunit title 310, minimum and maximum values 312, first and third quartilevalues 314, a mean value 316, a median value 318, a standard deviationvalue 320, bin size 322, and bin values 324. These bin values 324 arestructured as a list of integers. The multidimensional response 170includes an N-dimensional array 174 of axes and cells, indexed bycoordinates, each with unpredictable value type, which may be an errortype.

The Query_For_Histogram API function 130 produces the bin values 324(part of the API output 172) from this N-dimensional array 174 bygetting (step 326) the cells from the axis (0) portion of theN-dimensional array 174, and for each position in axis (0), gets (step328) a cell value. The API function 130 then maps (step 330) each cellvalue to an integer and organizes (step 332) the values into a list,which serves for the bin values 324.

To produce the other API outputs 172, namely, the data unit title 310,minimum and maximum values 312, first and third quartile values 314,mean value 316, median value 318, standard deviation value 320, and binsize 322, the API function 130 uses information acquired by performingother API functions or calculated during the query generation. The dataunit title 310 acquires its information from a lookup of theconfiguration file 30. The configuration file 30 defines a basic unit tobe used for generating histograms and which measure of the cube suppliesthis basic unit. The minimum and maximum values 312, first and thirdquartile values 314, mean value 316, median value 318, and standarddeviation value 320 are determined from calls (step 334) to theQuery_For_Single_Answer API function 124. The bin size 322 can becalculated (step 336) during search query generation, for example, fromthe statistical calculations (step 300, FIG. 14A).

The Query_For_Histogram API function 130 returns these API outputs 172to the calling application program (e.g., data analysis program 20). Theapplication 20 generates a view (fourth step of the wizard process)showing a histogram drawn in accordance with the information provided bythe API outputs 172.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the presentinvention may be embodied as a system, method, and computer programproduct. Thus, aspects of the present invention may be embodied entirelyin hardware, entirely in software (including, but not limited to,firmware, program code, resident software, microcode), or in acombination of hardware and software. All such embodiments may generallybe referred to herein as a circuit, a module, or a system. In addition,aspects of the present invention may be in the form of a computerprogram product embodied in one or more computer readable media havingcomputer readable program code embodied thereon.

The computer readable medium may be a computer readable storage medium,examples of which include, but are not limited to, an electronic,magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system,apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination thereof. As usedherein, a computer readable storage medium may be any non-transitory,tangible medium that can contain or store a program for use by or inconnection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, device,computer, computing system, computer system, or any programmable machineor device that inputs, processes, and outputs instructions, commands, ordata. A non-exhaustive list of specific examples of a computer readablestorage medium include an electrical connection having one or morewires, a portable computer diskette, a floppy disk, a hard disk, arandom access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a USB flash drive,an non-volatile RAM (NVRAM or NOVRAM), an erasable programmableread-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a flash memory card, anelectrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), an opticalfiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a DVD-ROM, anoptical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitablecombination thereof. A computer readable storage medium can be anycomputer readable medium that is not a computer readable signal mediumsuch as a propagated data signal with computer readable program codeembodied therein.

Program code may be embodied as computer-readable instructions stored onor in a computer readable storage medium as, for example, source code,object code, interpretive code, executable code, or combinationsthereof. Any standard or proprietary, programming or interpretivelanguage can be used to produce the computer-executable instructions.Examples of such languages include C, C++, Pascal, JAVA, BASIC,Smalltalk, Visual Basic, and Visual C++.

Transmission of program code embodied on a computer readable medium canoccur using any appropriate medium including, but not limited to,wireless, wired, optical fiber cable, radio frequency (RF), or anysuitable combination thereof.

The program code may execute entirely on a user's computer, partly onthe user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on theuser's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on a remotecomputer or server. Any such remote computer may be connected to theuser's computer through any type of network, including a local areanetwork (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may bemade to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using anInternet Service Provider).

Additionally, the methods of this invention can be implemented on aspecial purpose computer, a programmed microprocessor or microcontrollerand peripheral integrated circuit element(s), an ASIC or otherintegrated circuit, a digital signal processor, a hard-wired electronicor logic circuit such as discrete element circuit, a programmable logicdevice such as PLD, PLA, FPGA, PAL, or the like.

Furthermore, the disclosed methods may be readily implemented insoftware using object or object-oriented software developmentenvironments that provide portable source code that can be used on avariety of computer or workstation platforms. Alternatively, thedisclosed system may be implemented partially or fully in hardware usingstandard logic circuits or a VLSI design. Whether software or hardwareis used to implement the systems in accordance with this invention isdependent on the speed and/or efficiency requirements of the system, theparticular function, and the particular software or hardware systems ormicroprocessor or microcomputer systems being utilized. The methodsillustrated herein however can be readily implemented in hardware and/orsoftware using any known or later developed systems or structures,devices and/or software by those of ordinary skill in the applicable artfrom the functional description provided herein and with a general basicknowledge of the computer and image processing arts.

Moreover, the disclosed methods may be readily implemented in softwareexecuted on programmed general-purpose computer, a special purposecomputer, a microprocessor, or the like. In these instances, the systemsand methods of this invention can be implemented as program embedded onpersonal computer such as JAVA® or CGI script, as a resource residing ona server or graphics workstation, as a routine embedded in a dedicatedfingerprint processing system, as a plug-in, or the like. The system canalso be implemented by physically incorporating the system and methodinto a software and/or hardware system, such as the hardware andsoftware systems of an image processor.

While this invention has been described in conjunction with a number ofembodiments, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications andvariations would be or are apparent to those of ordinary skill in theapplicable arts. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all suchalternatives, modifications, equivalents, and variations that are withinthe spirit and scope of this invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method to analyze biometric or medical data,comprising: receiving, from an input device, a user-specified selectionof a data source, the data source including the biometric or medicaldata; receiving, from the input device, a user-specified selection of atype of data representation; receiving, from the input device, auser-specified description of a view to be constructed in accordancewith the user-specified selection of the type of data representation;generating, by an application program interface (API) function,processor and memory, a multidimensional query based on theuser-specified type of data representation and the user-specifieddescription of the view to be constructed; submitting, by the APIfunction, the multidimensional query to an On-line Analytical Processing(OLAP) server for searching the data source; receiving, by theapplication program interface (API) function, processor and memory, atleast a multidimensional response from the OLAP server containingresults obtained based on the multidimensional query of the data source;simplifying, by the application program interface (API) function,processor and memory, the multidimensional response, the simplifying ofthe multidimensional response including the API function mappingdimensional modeling terminology of the multidimensional response intonon-multidimensional terminology compatible with a user interface, thesimplified multidimensional response including at least one referencelevel corresponding to a target region in the biometric or medical data,the at least one reference level not being a part of themultidimensional space and being defined by a reference level set whichidentifies a cube with which a particular reference level is associatedand a set of members that need to be matched for the at least onereference value to apply and a reference level value; and generating theview, for display on the user interface, based on the results containedin the simplified multidimensional response and in accordance with theuser-specified selection of the type of data representation and theuser-specified description of the view, the view further providingcontext of the data to the user usable to trigger an alert.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the user-specified selection of a type ofdata representation includes one or more of a pie chart, histogram, barchart, line chart, donut chart, or table.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein the user-specified description of the view to be constructedincludes one or more measures selected for presentation and one or moregroup dimensions for grouping values associated with the selectedmeasures.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining thata reference level is available for a user-specified description of theview; and presenting the reference level with the search results withinthe presented view.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprisingdefining a schema with a set of cubes, each cube defining one or moredimensions and one or more measures, at least one measure of a givencube being represented multiple times in the given cube, eachrepresentation corresponding to a different possible aggregation of thatmeasure.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing aconfiguration file that defines a basic unit of a cube for usegenerating histograms and a measure that provides the basic unit.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising calculating a table of relatedresults for use in constructing line chart and bar chart datarepresentations.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprisingcalculating proportions of a total amount for use in constructing piechart and donut chart data representations.
 9. The method of claim 1,further comprising calculating a distribution of events in a cube foruse in a histogram.
 10. A non-transitory computer readable informationstorage medium having stored thereon computer readable program code, thecomputer readable program code comprising instructions to perform amethod comprising: receiving, from an input device, a user-specifiedselection of a data source, the data source including the biometric ormedical data; receiving, from the input device, a user-specifiedselection of a type of data representation; receiving, from the inputdevice, a user-specified description of a view to be constructed inaccordance with the user-specified selection of the type of datarepresentation; generating, by an application program interface (API)function, processor and memory, a multidimensional query based on theuser-specified type of data representation and the user-specifieddescription of the view to be constructed; submitting, by the APIfunction, the multidimensional query to an On-line Analytical Processing(OLAP) server for searching the data source; receiving, by theapplication program interface (API) function, processor and memory, atleast a multidimensional response from the OLAP server containingresults obtained based on the multidimensional query of the data source;simplifying, by the application program interface (API) function,processor and memory, the multidimensional response, the simplifying ofthe multidimensional response including the API function mappingdimensional modeling terminology of the multidimensional response intonon-multidimensional terminology compatible with a user interface, thesimplified multidimensional response including at least one referencelevel corresponding to a target region in the biometric or medical data,the at least one reference level not being a part of themultidimensional space and being defined by a reference level set whichidentifies a cube with which a particular reference level is associatedand a set of members that need to be matched for the at least onereference value to apply and a reference level value; and generating theview for display on the user interface based on the results contained inthe simplified multidimensional response and in accordance with theuser-specified selection of the type of data representation and theuser-specified description of the view, the view further providingcontext of the data to the user usable to trigger an alert.
 11. Themedia of claim 10, wherein the user-specified selection of a type ofdata representation includes one or more of a pie chart, histogram, barchart, line chart, donut chart, or table.
 12. The media of claim 10,wherein the user-specified description of the view to be constructedincludes one or more measures selected for presentation and one or moregroup dimensions for grouping values associated with the selectedmeasures.
 13. The media of claim 10, further comprising: computerreadable program code that, if executed, determines that a referencelevel is available for a user-specified description of the view;computer readable program code that, if executed, presents the referencelevel with the search results within the presented view.
 14. The mediaof claim 10, further comprising computer readable program code that, ifexecuted, defines a schema with a set of cubes, each cube defining oneor more dimensions and one or more measures, at least one measure of agiven cube being represented multiple times in the given cube, eachrepresentation corresponding to a different possible aggregation of thatmeasure.
 15. The media of claim 10, further comprising computer readableprogram code that, if executed, provides a configuration file thatdefines a basic unit of a cube for use generating histograms and ameasure that provides the basic unit.
 16. The media of claim 10, furthercomprising computer readable program code that, if executed, calculatesa table of related results for use in constructing line chart and barchart data representations.
 17. The media of claim 10, furthercomprising computer readable program code that, if executed, calculatesproportions of a total amount for use in constructing pie chart anddonut chart data representations.
 18. The media of claim 10, furthercomprising computer readable program code that, if executed, calculatesa distribution of events in a cube for use in a histogram.
 19. Acomputer system for analyzing data, the computer system comprising: anon-transitory memory storing program code used for analyzing data andgenerating reports; a processor, in communication with memory, executingthe program code to: receive, from an input device, a user-specifiedselection of a data source, the data source including the biometric ormedical data; receive, from the input device, a user-specified selectionof a type of data representation; receive, from the input device, auser-specified description of a view to be constructed in accordancewith the user-specified selection of the type of data representation;generate, by an application program interface (API) function, processorand memory, a multidimensional query based on the user-specified type ofdata representation and the user-specified description of the view to beconstructed; submit, by the API function, the multidimensional query toan On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP) server for searching the datasource; receive, by the application program interface (API) function,processor and memory, at least a multidimensional response from the OLAPserver containing results obtained based on the multidimensional queryof the data source; simplify, by the application program interface (API)function, processor and memory, the multidimensional response, thesimplifying of the multidimensional response including the API functionmapping dimensional modeling terminology of the multidimensionalresponse into non-multidimensional terminology compatible with a userinterface, the simplified multidimensional response including at leastone reference level corresponding to a target region in the biometric ormedical data, the at least one reference level not being a part of themultidimensional space and being defined by a reference level set whichidentifies a cube with which a particular reference level is associatedand a set of members that need to be matched for the at least onereference value to apply and a reference level value; and generate theview based on the results contained in the multidimensional response andin accordance with the user-specified selection of the type of datarepresentation and the user-specified description of the view, the viewfurther providing context of the data to the user usable to trigger analert.
 20. The computer system of claim 19, wherein the query APIincludes one or more of: an API function for calculating a table ofrelated results for use in constructing line chart and bar chart datarepresentations, an API function for calculating proportions of a totalamount for use in constructing pie chart and donut chart datarepresentations, and/or an API function for calculating a distributionof events in a cube for use in a histogram.